Jumanne, 16 Julai 2013

How to make jam

How to make jam
Step 2
How to make jam
Step 3
How to make jam
Photography by Rob Palmer
Step 6

In this month's issue

Australian Good Taste magazine cover Australian Good Taste - February 2011 With Australian Good Taste, cooking becomes your passion. Plus, to make life easy, all ingredients are available at Woolworths. Pick up this issue for just $3.99.
There's something so satisfying about making jam - your kitchen fills with the sweet aromas of fruit, and your excitement builds as the mixture begins to set.
The real pleasure is enjoying your homemade jam in all kinds of ways, from baked goodies to cheese platters and glazes for roasts.
If you've been wanting to make jam but haven't known where to start, here's your chance. With summer fruit at its peak, now's the ideal time to start stirring the pot!
Choose any fruit that's ripe but still firm and try your own recipes. When making jam, don't skimp on the sugar - as well as sweetening the jam and helping it set, it's critical for keeping the jam mould free. As a guide, use a cup of sugar for every cup of chopped fruit.
To set, jam needs the right balance of acid and pectin. High-acid fruits include citrus, cherries, green apples, pineapple, raspberries and plums.
If you're using low-acid fruits, such as rhubarb, apricots, peaches and strawberries, you need to add lemon juice. A handy trick to help it set is to cook jam with a muslin puch full of pectin-rich lemon rind and seeds.
For best results, cook jam in small batches - this way the cooking time will be shorter and the fruit will retain its natural colour and flavour.
Making jam and conserves at home is a surprisingly simple process that requires very few ingredients, but it’s easy to get it wrong, too. To avoid runny, lumpy, cloudy or crystallised jam, follow our six steps to success.

Step 1:

Warm the sugar first so it dissolves quickly into the fruit mixture without lowering the temperature. Don't overheat or it will clump together.

Step 2:

To set, jam needs pectin from the fruit and some varieties have more than others. For extra pectin, add a muslin pouch of lemon rind and seeds.

Step 3:

Cook the fruit in a heavy-based pan until it's very soft but still holds its shape. This releases pectin and means your jam won't have tough bits of fruit.

Step 4:

To stop jam crystallising, brush down the side of the pan occasionally with a wet pastry brush to make sure all the sugar is dissolved.

Step 5:

For clear jam, use a slotted spoon to skim scum from the surface as it cooks. To prevent burning, stir constantly for the last 10 minutes.

Step 6:

Ladle the hot jam through a wide metal funnel into clean, dry jars and invert for 2 minutes to sterilise the lids. Don't use plastic lids or they may melt.
STORING JAM
  • Wash jars and lids in hot, soapy water (or a dishwasher), then rinse and dry on a rack – this prevents mould forming once the jam is bottled.
  • Store jam in a cool, dark place away from direct sunlight for up to six months. Once opened, store in the fridge for up to six weeks.

Jumamosi, 13 Julai 2013

UTENGENEZAJI WA SABUNI ZA AINA ZOTE

SOMO LA KWANZA : UTENGENEZAJI WA SABUNI ZA AINA ZOTE.


 MASOMO  YATAKAYO  FUNDISHWA  HAPA  NI :

11. Utengenezaji  Wa Sabuni  isiyo na garama.
22. Utengenezaji  Wa Sabuni ya urembo.
33. Utengenezaji  Wa  Sabuni ya asali na cream.
44.  Utengenezaji   Wa  Sabuni ya manukato.
55.  Utengenezaji   Wa  Sabuni ngumu.
66.  Utengenezaji   Wa  Sabuni ya unga
77. Utengenezaji   Wa Sabuni ya kugandisha.
88. Utengenezaji    Wa  Sabuni za dawa.
99. Utengenezaji  Wa  Sabuni za rangi.
110.  Utengenezaji  Wa Cream ya kunyolea.
111. Utengenezaji  Wa  Sabuni iliyotengenezwa na mafuta mengine. 
VIFAA   VYA   UTENGENEZAJI  SABUNI.
*Sufuria.
*Bakuli kubwa la mfinyanzi au plastiki.
*Mafuta
*Maji.
*Sodium hydroxide{NaOH}
*Ubao mdogo/mwiko.
 *Chombo chenye ukubwa cha plastiki.
*Kifyatulio.
*Kisu.
*Vikombe 2 vya plasitiki.
* Makopo  2  ya plasiki au kaure.
Vipimo vinavyo tajwa hapa ni chombo chochote cha plastic ( kama kikombe,kopo n.k.}
Vipimo vyote ni vya ujazo na mara zote vikae wima.

TAHADHARI-   
Sodium hydroxide {NaOH} ni hatari.
Lazima iwekwe mbali na mahali wanakofikia watoto.
*Kama  mtoto atameza sodium hydroxide ni lazima apewe maziwa mengi au kikombe 1 cha mchanganyiko wa juisi ya   limau/siki na vikombe 20 vya maji.
                                             
*Sodium hydroxide hushambulia ngozi, kuwa mwangalifu  kila mara unapotengeneza sabuni, nawa mikono vizuri, hali ya  unyevu  katika  hewa  huibadili  sodium hydroxide  kuwa  kimiminika hivyo ni rahisi kudhuru ngozi yako.
*Sodium hydroxide hushambulia aina zote za metali, hivyo tumia vyombo vya mfinyanzi hii itasaidia na kama 
vyombo vya  mfinyanzi  havipatikani tumia aina nyingine ya vyombo vya plastiki.
Ni lazima  sodium hydroxide {NaOH} ihifadhiwe vizuri kwenye vyombo visivyopitisha hewa.


1. SABUNI  ISIYO NA GHARAMA
Utengenezaji  wa sabuni hii unahitaji juhudi na kazi kubwa kwa mtengenezaji.
Jinsi ya kutengeneza –
Hatua ya 1
*Kusanya maganda ya ndizi, magogo ya mipapai, maganda ya mbegu za kakao, kausha vitu hivi kwenye jiko la jua hadi vikauke, kama huna jiko la jua vikaushe juani.
Hatua ya 2
 *Vichome hadi kupata jivu, pia unaweza kutumia  jivu la kuni au karatasi ambazo hazijaandikwa na  sii jivu la plastiki au vitu visivyo vya asili.
*Kusanya majivu na uyapima kwenye ndoo ya lita 10.
*Tumia ndoo yenye ujazo wa lita 20, ongeza lita 15 za maji ya moto na  Koroga vizuri,  baada ya dakika 10, chuja kwa kutumia kitambaa, Kumbuka wakati wote kutumia ndoo ya plastiki au chombo cha mfinyanzi.
*Ongeza maji ya moto lita 5 kwenye majivu yaliyobaki endelea kukoroga kwa dakika 10 halafu chuja tena.
*Weka pamoja vile vyote ulivyochuja kwenye chombo cha mfinyanzi kama utatumia chombo cha metali kitaharibika.
Hatua ya 3
*Chemsha mchanganyiko wako hadi ubakie kikombe 1tu au ml 200 ongeza kikombe kimoja cha mawese halafu chemsha tena kwa muda mfupi, kuwa makini wakati wa kufanya kitendo cha kuongeza mafuta kwani  mchanganyiko huu hutoa povu jingi.
Hatua ya 4
*Mimina mchanganyiko wako kwenye kifyatulio na acha ikauke, iweke majuma 8 hadi 12 na hapo itakuwa tayari kwa kutumia.


2. SABUNI YA UREMBO
Sabuni hizi zinatengenezwa na mafuta safi na ni nzuri sana kwa ngozi ya mwili.
Unapotumia sabuni hizi ngozi yako hungara kwa sababu ya tabia yake ya kuufanya mwili kama umepakwa mafuta kila wakati.
Mahitaji –
*Mafuata ya mbogamboga/ mawese vipimo 8
*Maji vipimo 5.
*Sodium hydroxide  {NaOH}kipimo 1

JINSI YA KUCHANGANYA
Hatua ya 1
Pima maji vipimo 5, ongeza sodium hydroxide {NaOH} kipimmo 1, koroga mchanganyiko huo na uache hadi joto lake lipungue.
Hatua ya 2
*Ongeza mafuta vipimo 8 kwenye mchanganyiko wako huku ukikoroga bila kusita kwa muda usiopungua dakika 60, ili kuutambua kama mchanganyiko wako umekuwa tayari utaona umekuwa laini.
Hatua ya 3
*Mimina kwenye trea au vifyatulio, kabla sabuni haijawa ngumu unaweza kukata kwa maumbo unayotaka au kutia urembo, jina kwenye sabuni huu ndio wakati muafaka.
*hifadhi sabuni mahali penye mwanga na penye kivuli, ni lazima sabuni ikaae majuma 8 hadi 12 au ianikwe kwenye jiko la jua kwa majuma 3 hadi 4 kabla ya kutumika.
Kuharakisha kuitumia ni hatari kwa sababu sodium hydroxide itakuwa haijamaliza utaratibu wa utengenezaji hivyo kuharibu ngozi ya mtumiaji.


3.SABUNI YA MANUKATO
Mahitaji –
*Unga wa sabuni iliyotengenezwa  na kuwa tayari zaidi ya majuma 8
*Maji
Jinsi ya kutengeneza-
Hatua ya 1
*Saga sabuni iliyotengenezwa muda mrefu kupata unga.
Pima vipimo 8  vya unga wa sabuni, ongeza maji vipimo 2 na yeyusha kwenye joto la kadiri huku ukikoroga hadi utakapo changanyika vizuri.
Hatua ya 2
*Ongeza matone mawili ama matatu ya marashi halafu mimina kwenye vifyatulio.
*Usiwe na haraka unapotengeneza sabuni za manukato kama hutotumia njia niliyokuonyesha hapo juu sodium hydroxide itaharibu manukato uliyoweka.
.

4. SABUNI YA ASALI AU CREAM
*Mafuta vipimo 8.
*Maji vipimo 5.
*Sodium hydroxide kipimo 1.
*Asali kipimo 1.
Sabuni hii inatengenezwa kama sabuni  namba 2 lakini baada ya kuchanganya vitu vyote unaongeza kipimo 1 cha asali.


5.   SABUNI  NGUMU
 Sabuni hii inatumika kuondoa uchafu mgumu
Pima maji vipimo 5 ongeza sodium hydroxide kipimo 1acha mchanganyiko uchanganyike vizuri hadi uanze kupoa. Ongeza mafuta vipimo 6 kwenye mchanganyiko wako huku ukikoroga bila kukoma hadi dakika 60.
Kabla sabuni haijawa ngumu sana, ongeza vipimo 2 vya kaolin iliyochekechwa vizuri kama kaolini haipatikani unaweza kutumia majivu ya kuni yaliyochekechwa vizuri mimina sabuni kwenye kifyatulio na baada ya kuganda ikate vipande kasha iweke sehemu safi ikauke taratibu hadi ndani ya wiki 12 sabuni itakuwa tayari kutumika.
Sabuni hii ni ile inayotumiwa na watu kwa ajili ya kufulia  hii inafaa sana hasa katika maeneo yaliyo na maji chumvi.
Utengenezaji wake hautofautiani sana na sabuni nyingine lakini sabuni hii ina mawese au mafuta kidogo kuliko zile za kuogea au za kipande.
Maji                                      vipimo 4
Sodium hydroxide {NaOH} kipimo1
Mafuta                                  vipimo 5
Baada ya kuchanganya na kuikoroga kwa muda wa dakika 60 acha ikauke kama sabuni nyingine muda usiopungua majuma 8 hadi 12, isage na kuichekecha na chekecheo ili kupata unga laini wenye ukubwa ulio sawasawa hapo sabuni yetu iko tayari kuifungasha na kuiingiza sokoni ama kuitumia wewe mwenyewe.


7. SABUNI YA KUGANDISHA
Utengenezaji wa sabuni hii una njia nyingi
Njia ya kwanza
Hatua  ya kwanza –
Chemsha vipimo 7 vya mafuta ya mawese au mafuta ya shea hadi ifikie hatua ya kimiminika chuja na yaweke kwenye chungu cha mfinyanzi au chombo cha plastiki.
Hatua ya pili-
Pima vipimo 5 vya maji baridi kwenye chombo cha plastiki ongeza kipimo 1cha sodium hydroxide kwa uangalifu mkubwa kwenye maji acha hadi mchanganyiko huo uyeyuke.
Subiri mchanganyiko wa sodium hydroxide na mafuta ukaribie kupoa.
Hatua ya tatu-
Taratibu ongeza mchanganyiko wa sodium hydroxide kwenye mawese,huku ukikoroga haraka haraka bila kusitisha ukitumia ubao .hii ni njia nzuri zaidi.
Njia ya pili
{a}Chemsha mafuta kwenye joto la kadiri ya 55C
{b}Changanya maji na sodium hydroxide na uache mchanganyiko huu upoe hadi kufikia joto hilohilo.
.{c}baada ya kuandaa mchanyiko wako changanya vimiminika hivyo viwili huku ukikoroga kwanguvu sana kadiri uwezavyo, taratibu sabuni itageuka kuwa laini. Kabla sabuni haijawa ngumu mwaga sabuni ndani ya kasha la mbao lilotangulizwa karatasi nyembamba la plastiki subiri saa 3 na sawazisha sabuni kwa rula au kitu kingine kilicho nyooka huku ukigandamiza juu, ipanguse iwe laini kwa kutumia kitamba kilicho lowanishwa.
{g}katakata sabuni vipande kwa kipimo cha kuuza iweke ikauke katika sehemu yenye kivuli kwa muda wa majuma 8 hadi 12 mfano- ndani ya chumba kwenye sakafu iliyotandikwa kasha la karatasi nene.


8.SABUNI YA DAWA
Sabuni hii inahitaji vitu vifuuatavyo
Unga wa sabuni iliyotengenezwa zaidi ya wiki 8 vipimo 4
Mafuta ya dawa yaliyotengenezwa na unga wa dawa uliotokana na miti ya dawa kama moringa,mwarubaini n.k               kipimo 1 kama mafuta haya hayapatikani unaweza ukatumia unga wenyewe.
Maji         kipimo 1
Jinsi ya kutengeneza-
Changanya vitu vyote kwa pamoja huku ukikoroga mchanganyiko huo kwenye joto la kadiri hadi mchanganyiko uchanganyike vizuri kisha mimina mchanganyiko huo kwenye kifyatulio subiri hadi ipoe na kugande.
Baada ya sabuni kuganda kata kwa umbo unalolitaka kwa kutmia kifaa ulichokiandaa kama kisu,kibati n.k ili kupata vipande vilivyo lingana.


9. SABUNI YA RANGI KWA KUTUMIA VITU ASILIA
Sabuni hizi  ni zile ambazo zinatengenezwa na rangi asilia ambazo hazina mazara yoyote kwenye ngozi ya  binadamu
Unaweza kujiuliza ni kwa jinsi gain nitapata rangi ya sabuni huku sina fedha ya kununua hii sii tatizo tumia rangi za viungo kama manjano, zingifuri,karafuu, unga wa miti ya dawa kama mwarubaini,mronge na hata mafuta ya mawese.
Kitendo cha kuweka rangi kwenye sabuni unaamua uweke wakati gaini wakati unaanza au wakati wa kumalizia hii haina tatizo ila nategemea.
mafuta ya mawese huwa na rangi ya njano ,nyekundu kutokana na carotene iliyomo.
Kwa sababu hii ukitumia mawese bila kuharibu carotene iliyopo unapata sabuni ya njano na hii ni rangi halisi na ya asili isiyo na madhara yoyote.
Mawese pamoja na mbegu za bixa hupata sabuni nyekundu.


10. CREAM YA KUNYOLEWA
MAHITAJI
Majani mabichi yanayo nukia mfano mkaratusi, limau, michaichai, lavenda      kipimo  1
Maji                               kipimo  1
Unga wa sabuni iliyotengenezwa zaidiya wiki 8 vipimo 5
Asali                             kipimo   3
Changanya vitu hivyo kwa pamoja taratibu chemsha mchanganyiko huu hadi uwe kitu kmoja, hii ni nzuri ikifanyika kwenye jiko la jua itasaidia kupunguza kiwango cha mvuke utakao toweka wakati wa kuchemsha.
Kama huna jiko la jua basi lazima uongeze maji ili kurudisha katika ujazo wa awali, baada ya kuepua koroga hivyo hivyo wakati inaendelea kupoa, ikisha poa kabisa hifadhi katika chombo kisichopitisha hewa ili kuzuia isikauke.
chombo kizuri ni cha kioo, plastiki au kaure.


11. SABUNI ILIYOTRENGENEZWA NA MAFUTA MENGINE.
Kama utatumia mafuta ya aina  nyingine mfano ya shahamu au mafuta ya karanga hapa utengenezaji utakuwa mgumu zaidi.
Jinsi ya kutengeneza - yeyusha sodium hydroxide  kwenye ml 200 za maji ongeza gr 200 za shahamu huku ukikoroga  ongeza gr 600 za maji ya moto baada ya mchanganyiko kuchanganyika vizuri hifadhi mchanganyiko kwenye joto la 70 hadi80C angalau kwa saa 6 kwenye jiko la jua koroga kila baada ya dakika 15 kisha ongeza mchanganyiko wa chumvi ya kawaida gramu120 na maji ml200.
Acha mchanganyiko upoe hapo sabuni itatuama juu ya maji kasha mimina sabuni kwenye kifyatulio na iache ikae miezi miwili hadi mitatu ili ikauke vizuri.
Sabuni ulizotengeneza nyumbani ni nzuri kuliko zilizotengenezwa viwandani.


Maana ya maneno
Kaolingi ni udongo mweupe wa mfinyanzi unaopatikana mtoni.  katika Africa hutumika kupamba kuta za nyumba .
Sodium hydroxide NaOH ni kastiki.
Shahamu  ni mafuta ya wanyama kama mafuta ya ngombe,kondoo, nk. 

7 Habits of Business Success

The 7 Habits of Business Success
Habit 1. Cultivate Inner Networks: Entrepreneurs practicing the art of business success know the power of networks. They take the time to identify and build relationships with key peers, mentors, and advisors. This inner network provides support, direction, and an increased number of people to assist. Having an inner network of five people who have a network of five more, grows the network exponentially.
Habit 2. Customer Centric: Business success requires an unwavering commitment to the customer. This commitment encompasses a mindset of understanding the customers' world. Understanding the customers wants and needs provides the business with a greater opportunity to earn a loyal customer base. Focus away from business and profits, and toward what you can do to improve the life of your customers.
Habit 3. Humble Honesty: Business success requires the ability to know your strengths and weaknesses. Being open and honest about yourself and your business creates growth as an individual and as a company. Don't spend time developing weaknesses. Find help for weak areas, enabling you to focus on strengths. In the book, "Now, Discover Your Strengths", Gallup Organization reveals that building our strengths instead of fixing our weakness is the path to mastery and success. Take the time to know yourself and business.
Habit 4. Adaptability: Business success requires the ability to adapt to changing situations. Nothing ever goes as planned. The world of business is full of surprises and unforeseen events. Using the habit of adaptability allows business owners to respond to circumstances with the ability to change course and act without complete information. Being flexible allows us to respond to changes without being paralyzed with fear and uncertainty.
Habit 5. Opportunity Focused: Problems are a regular part of business life. Staff issues, customer misunderstandings, cash crunches- the list is endless. To achieve business success, look at both sides of the coin. Every problem has an opportunity. Being opportunity focused makes the game of business fun and energizing.
Habit 6. Finding A Better Way: Productivity is the cornerstone of business success. Formulate the habit of finding a better way to make your business more productive. This will create more time to focus on the critical issues that drive sales and profit. Productivity can be enhanced by technology, automation, outsourcing, and improving business processes.
Habit 7. Balanced Lifestyle Management: A business can consume an owner's time and energy. It's easy to allow the business to take control of your life. Business success requires the habit of balancing all aspects of your life. Separating time for daily business tasks, profit driven tasks, and free time is a habit that will make your business and life more enjoyable. Take the time to plan each week.
Learning and instilling new habits in your daily business life can have a dramatic effect on your level of success. Review each of the 7 habits. Choose one habit to focus on for a month or until you achieve mastery. Gradually incorporate each of the 7 habits of business success into your life and attain your business dreams.